Gertrude bonnin zitkala-sa photos
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Zitkala-Sa
Yankton Dakota writer (1876–1938)
Zitkala-Ša | |
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Zitkala-Ša in 1898, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution | |
| Born | (1876-02-22)February 22, 1876 Yankton Indian Reservation, Dakota Territory |
| Died | January 26, 1938(1938-01-26) (aged 61) Washington, DC, US |
| Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
| Other names | Gertrude Simmons Bonnin |
| Education | White's Manual Labor Institute, Wabash, Indiana |
| Alma mater | Earlham College |
| Occupations |
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| Employer(s) | Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Uintah-Ouray reservation |
| Known for | Co-composed the first American Indian opera, founded the National Council of American Indians, authored books and magazine articles |
| Notable work | Sun Dance Opera, Old Indian Legends, American Indian Stories, "Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians" |
| Spouse | Raymond T. Bonnin |
| Children | Ohíya |
| Paren • “Look up, and see a new day dawning!”By P. Jane HafenZitkála-Šá, photograph by Joseph T. Keiley. Gertrude Simmons was born on the Dakota Plains in 1876, the same year as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, also known as the Battle of Little Big Horn. As a Yankton Sioux, she lived her life through the Plains Indian wars, the Boarding School Era, and changing politics to the New Era of Indian Affairs in 1938. Gertrude is most well known for writing about her young life on the Plains and going to Boarding School. There she was forced to learn English and to change her life into what non-Indians expected of her. Rather than becoming a domestic worker, she took her skills and became a famous writer, musician, and speaker. She gave herself the Lakota name Zitkála-Šá, which means Red Bird. For a while she taught at Carlisle Indian School, the most famous of the Indian Boarding Schools. She turned to writing her own story, collecting her tribal stories, and returned to So • Zitkála-Šá (“Red Bird”), also known as Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, was a Native American musician, writer and activist who fought for women's suffrage and Indigenous voting rights in the early 20th century. Her writings and activism led to citizenship and voting rights for not only women, but all Indigenous people. Zitkála-Šá was born on the Yankton Indian Reservation in South Dakota on February 22, 1876, the same year that the Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho peoples defeated the U.S. Army under the command of General Custer at the Battle of the Little Big Horn. She was a member of the Yankton folkstam (or Dakota) Nation. Her mother, “Reaches for the Wind” or Ellen Simmons, was of Sioux Dakota heritage and her father was of French nedstigning. After her father abandoned the family, Zitkála-Šá was raised bygd her mother and aunts. At the age of eight, missionaries from the White’s Manual Labor Institute came to the reservation to recruit children for their boarding school. Zitkála-Šá’s mother was | |